In the face of growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to transition towards a sustainable society, bio-based and renewable carbon materials have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuel-derived materials. This review article comprehensively explores the various aspects of bio-based and renewable carbon materials, including their sources, synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Biomass, such as agricultural waste, forestry residues, and municipal solid waste, serves as a rich and renewable source for these carbon materials. Different synthesis techniques, such as pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and chemical activation, are employed to tailor the structure and properties of the resulting carbon materials. These materials exhibit unique characteristics, such as high porosity, large surface area, and excellent electrochemical performance, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, and catalysis. However, challenges related to cost, scalability, and performance optimization still need to be addressed. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of bio-based and renewable carbon materials, highlighting their potential to contribute to a more sustainable future and inspiring further research and development in this field.